a += b
a -= b
a *= b
a /= b
a %= b
a &= b
a |= b
a ^= b
a <<= b
a >>= b
++a
--a
a++
a--
+a
-a
a + b
a - b
a * b
a / b
a % b
~a
a & b
a | b
a ^ b
a << b
a >> b
!a
a && b
a || b
a == b
a != b
a < b
a > b
a <= b
a >= b
a[b]
*a
&a
a->b
a.b
a(...)
a, b
(type) a
a ? b : c
sizeof
_Alignof
(since C11)
for Assignment operators |
In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.
The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.
In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.
The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −
Operator | Description | Example |
---|---|---|
= | Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand | C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C |
+= | Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. | C += A is equivalent to C = C + A |
-= | Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A |
*= | Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A |
/= | Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. | C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A |
%= | Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. | C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A |
<<= | Left shift AND assignment operator. | C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2 |
>>= | Right shift AND assignment operator. | C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2 |
&= | Bitwise AND assignment operator. | C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2 |
^= | Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator. | C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2 |
|= | Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator. | C |= 2 is same as C = C | 2 |
The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.
You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.
You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.
Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.
In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.
On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.
Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −
In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.
For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".
Run the code and check its output −
Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".
Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −
When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −
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What is an assignment operator in c.
Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. They come under the category of binary operators as they require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=". The value on the right side must be of the same data type as the variable on the left side. Hence, the associativity is from right to left.
In this C tutorial , we'll understand the types of C programming assignment operators with examples. To delve deeper you can enroll in our C Programming Course .
Before going in-depth about assignment operators you must know about operators in C. If you haven't visited the Operators in C tutorial, refer to Operators in C: Types of Operators .
There are two types of assignment operators in C:
+= | addition assignment | It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
-= | subtraction assignment | It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
*= | multiplication assignment | It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand |
/= | division assignment | It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. |
%= | modulo assignment | It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. |
There can be five combinations of bitwise operators with the assignment operator, "=". Let's look at them one by one.
&= | bitwise AND assignment | It performs the bitwise AND operation on the variable with the value on the right |
|= | bitwise OR assignment | It performs the bitwise OR operation on the variable with the value on the right |
^= | bitwise XOR assignment | It performs the bitwise XOR operation on the variable with the value on the right |
<<= | bitwise left shift assignment | Shifts the bits of the variable to the left by the value on the right |
>>= | bitwise right shift assignment | Shifts the bits of the variable to the right by the value on the right |
Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code.
The correct answer is 52. x starts at 50, increases by 5 to 55, then decreases by 3 to 52.
The correct answer is 144. After right-shifting 73 (binary 1001001) by one and then left-shifting the result by two, the value becomes 144 (binary 10010000).
While performing arithmetic operations with the same variable, use compound assignment operators
When mixing assignments with other operations, use parentheses to ensure the correct order of evaluation.
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Home » Learn C Programming from Scratch » C Assignment Operators
Summary : in this tutorial, you’ll learn about the C assignment operators and how to use them effectively.
An assignment operator assigns the vale of the right-hand operand to the left-hand operand. The following example uses the assignment operator (=) to assign 1 to the counter variable:
After the assignmment, the counter variable holds the number 1.
The following example adds 1 to the counter and assign the result to the counter:
The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand.
Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the result to the left operand.
The following example uses a compound-assignment operator (+=):
The expression:
is equivalent to the following expression:
The following table illustrates the compound-assignment operators in C:
Operator | Operation Performed | Example | Equivalent expression |
---|---|---|---|
Multiplication assignment | x *= y | x = x * y | |
Division assignment | x /= y | x = x / y | |
Remainder assignment | x %= y | x = x % y | |
Addition assignment | x += y | x = x + y | |
Subtraction assignment | x -= y | x = x – y | |
Left-shift assignment | x <<= y | x = x <<=y | |
Right-shift assignment | x >>=y | x = x >>= y | |
Bitwise-AND assignment | x &= y | x = x & y | |
Bitwise-exclusive-OR assignment | x ^= y | x = x ^ y | |
Bitwise-inclusive-OR assignment | x |= y | x = x | y |
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An assignment operation assigns the value of the right-hand operand to the storage location named by the left-hand operand. Therefore, the left-hand operand of an assignment operation must be a modifiable l-value. After the assignment, an assignment expression has the value of the left operand but isn't an l-value.
assignment-expression : conditional-expression unary-expression assignment-operator assignment-expression
assignment-operator : one of = *= /= %= += -= <<= >>= &= ^= |=
The assignment operators in C can both transform and assign values in a single operation. C provides the following assignment operators:
Operator | Operation Performed |
---|---|
Simple assignment | |
Multiplication assignment | |
Division assignment | |
Remainder assignment | |
Addition assignment | |
Subtraction assignment | |
Left-shift assignment | |
Right-shift assignment | |
Bitwise-AND assignment | |
Bitwise-exclusive-OR assignment | |
Bitwise-inclusive-OR assignment |
In assignment, the type of the right-hand value is converted to the type of the left-hand value, and the value is stored in the left operand after the assignment has taken place. The left operand must not be an array, a function, or a constant. The specific conversion path, which depends on the two types, is outlined in detail in Type Conversions .
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C is able to perform basic mathematical operations on variables and values using the following symbols:
C can assign values to variables and perform basic mathematical operations using shorthand operators:
C can compare two values and/or variables against each other to return true or false. The operators are as follows:
C can perform logical operations using the following operators:
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The multiplication-assignment operator multiplies the value to the right of the operator by the value of the variable to the left of the operator and stores the result back into the variable.
The multiplication assignment operator expects an lvalue on the left and an rvalue on the right and is processed from right to left . The return value is an rvalue in C : the value of the left operand after assignment. in C++, the return value is an lvalue : the (now assigned) left operand itself.
The multiplication-assignment operator behaves exactly like the assignment operator except that it performs an additional multiplication. For details about the properties of a multiplication assignment, reference is made here to the description of the assignment operator and the multiplication operator . The following two program lines, which are absolutely equivalent, suffice as an additional explanation of the multiplication-assignment operator in relation to the simple assignment operator ::
The set round brackets indicate that due to the operator ranking in the multiplication assignment as well as in all assignment operators, the complete right-hand part after the equals sign is evaluated as an operand.
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Assignment operators are fundamental in C programming, as they allow you to assign values and manipulate variables efficiently. In this article, we’ll explore the basics of C programming’s assignment operators: = (Assignment), += (Add and assign), -= (Subtract and assign), *= (Multiply and assign), /= (Divide and assign), and %= (Modulus and assign). Through real-world examples and output demonstrations, you’ll gain a solid understanding of how to use these operators effectively in your C programs. Assignment operators are vital tools in C programming, allowing you to manipulate variables and perform calculations efficiently. In this article, we will explore the basic assignment operators (=, +=, -=, *=, /=, and %=) with real-world examples and output demonstrations.
The assignment operator ( = ) is used to assign a value to a variable. It’s the simplest assignment operator. Let’s illustrate this with an example:
The += operator is used to add a value to the current value of a variable and assign the result back to the variable. Here’s an example:
The -= operator is used to subtract a value from the current value of a variable and assign the result back to the variable. Let’s see it in action:
The *= operator is used to multiply the current value of a variable by a value and assign the result back to the variable. Here’s an example:
The /= operator is used to divide the current value of a variable by a value and assign the result back to the variable. Let’s demonstrate it:
The %= operator is used to calculate the modulus of the current value of a variable and a value and assign the result back to the variable. Here’s an example:
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In this C++ tutorial, you shall learn about Multiplication Assignment operator, its syntax, and how to use this operator, with examples.
In C++, Multiplication Assignment Operator is used to find the product of the value (right operand) and this variable (left operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand).
The syntax to find the product of a value 2 with variable x and assign the result to x using Multiplication Assignment Operator is
In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 5 , multiply it with a value of 2 and assign the result back to x , using Multiplication Assignment Operator.
In this C++ Tutorial , we learned about Multiplication Assignment Operator in C++, with examples.
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In mathematics and computer programming , an operator is a character that represents a specific mathematical or logical action or process. For instance, "x" is an arithmetic operator that indicates multiplication, while "&&" is a logical operator representing the logical AND function in programming.
Depending on its type, an operator manipulates an arithmetic or logical value, or operand, in a specific way to generate a specific result. From handling simple arithmetic functions to facilitating the execution of complex algorithms, like security encryption , operators play an important role in the programming world.
Mathematical and logical operators should not be confused with a system operator , or sysop, which refers to a person operating a server or the hardware and software in a computing system or network.
In computer programs, Boolean operators are among the most familiar and commonly used sets of operators. These operators work only with true or false values and include the following:
These operators and variations, such as XOR, are used in logic gates .
Boolean operators can also be used in online search engines , like Google. For example, a user can enter a phrase like "Galileo AND satellite" -- some search engines require the operator be capitalized in order to generate results that provide combined information about both Galileo and satellite.
There are many types of operators used in computing systems and in different programming languages. Based on their function, they can be categorized in six primary ways.
Arithmetic operators are used for mathematical calculations. These operators take numerical values as operands and return a single unique numerical value, meaning there can only be one correct answer.
The standard arithmetic operators and their symbols are given below.
+ | Addition (a+b) | This operation adds both the operands on either side of the + operator. |
- | Subtraction (a-b) | This operation subtracts the right-hand operand from the left. |
* | Multiplication (a*b) | This operation multiplies both the operands. |
/ | Division (a/b) | This operation divides the left-hand operand by the operand on the right. |
% | Modulus (a%b) | This operation returns the remainder after dividing the left-hand operand by the right operand. |
Relational operators are widely used for comparison operators. They enter the picture when certain conditions must be satisfied to return either a true or false value based on the comparison. That's why these operators are also known as conditional operators.
The standard relational operators and their symbols are given below.
== | Equal (a==b) | This operator checks if the values of both operands are equal. If yes, the condition becomes TRUE. |
!= | Not equal (a!=b) | This operator checks if the values of both operands are equal. If not, the condition becomes TRUE. |
> | Greater than (a>b) | This operator checks if the left operand value is greater than the right. If yes, the condition becomes TRUE. |
< | Less than (a<b) | This operator checks if the left operand is less than the value of right. If yes, the condition becomes TRUE. |
>= | Greater than or equal (a>=b) | This operator checks if the left operand value is greater than or equal to the value of the right. If either condition is satisfied, the operator returns a TRUE value. |
<= | Less than or equal (a<=b) | This operator checks if the left operand value is less than or equal to the value of the right. If either condition is satisfied, the operator returns a TRUE value. |
Bitwise operators are used to manipulate bits and perform bit-level operations . These operators convert integers into binary before performing the required operation and then showing the decimal result.
The standard bitwise operators and their symbols are given below.
& | Bitwise AND (a&b) | This operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in both operands. So, the result is 1 only if both bits are 1. |
| | Bitwise OR (a|b) | This operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in either operand. So, the result is 1 if either bit is 1. |
^ | Bitwise XOR (a^b) | This operator copies a bit to the result if it exists in either operand. So, even if one of the operands is TRUE, the result is TRUE. However, if neither operand is TRUE, the result is FALSE. |
~ | Bitwise NOT (~a) | This unary operator flips the bits (1 to 0 and 0 to 1). |
Logical operators play a key role in programming because they enable a system or program to take specific decisions depending on the specific underlying conditions. These operators take Boolean values as input and return the same as output.
The standard logical operators and their symbols are given below.
&& | Logical AND (a&&b) | This operator returns TRUE only if both the operands are TRUE or if both the conditions are satisfied. It not, it returns FALSE. |
|| | (a||b) | This operator returns TRUE if either operand is TRUE. It also returns TRUE if both the operands are TRUE. If neither operand is true, it returns FALSE. |
! | Logical NOT (!a) | This unary operator returns TRUE if the operand is FALSE and vice versa. It is used to reverse the logical state of its (single) operand. |
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. The left operand is a variable, and the right is a value -- for example, x=3.
The data types of the variable and the value must match; otherwise, the program compiler raises an error, and the operation fails.
The standard assignment operators and their symbols are given below.
= | Assignment (a=b) | This operator assigns the value of the right operand to the left operand (variable). |
+= | Add and assign (a+=b) | This operator adds the right operand and the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Logically, the operator means a=a+b. |
-= | Subtract and assign (a-=b) | This operator subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Logically, the operator means a=a-b. |
*= | Multiply and assign (a*=b) | This operator multiplies the right operand and the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Logically, the operator means a=a*b. |
/= | Divide and assign (a/=b) | This operator divides the left operand and the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand. Logically, the operator means a=a/b. |
%= | Modulus and assign (a%=b) | This operator performs the modulus operation on the two operands and assigns the result to the left operand. Logically, the operator means a=a%b. |
The increment/decrement operators are unary operators, meaning they require only one operand and perform an operation on that operand. They sometimes are called monadic operators .
The standard increment/decrement operators and their symbols are given below.
++ | Post-increment (a++) | This operator increments the value of the operand by 1 after using its value. |
-- | Post-decrement (a--) | This operator decrements the value of the operand by 1 after using its value. |
++ | Pre-increment (++a) | This operator increments the value of the operand by 1 before using its value. |
-- | Pre-decrement (--a) | This operator decrements the value of the operand by 1 before using its value. |
See also: proximity operator , search string , logical negation symbol , character and mathematical symbols .
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This chapter documents all the JavaScript language operators, expressions and keywords.
For an alphabetical listing see the sidebar on the left.
Basic keywords and general expressions in JavaScript. These expressions have the highest precedence (higher than operators ).
The this keyword refers to a special property of an execution context.
Basic null , boolean, number, and string literals.
Array initializer/literal syntax.
Object initializer/literal syntax.
The function keyword defines a function expression.
The class keyword defines a class expression.
The function* keyword defines a generator function expression.
The async function defines an async function expression.
The async function* keywords define an async generator function expression.
Regular expression literal syntax.
Template literal syntax.
Grouping operator.
Left values are the destination of an assignment.
Member operators provide access to a property or method of an object ( object.property and object["property"] ).
The optional chaining operator returns undefined instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish ( null or undefined ).
The new operator creates an instance of a constructor.
In constructors, new.target refers to the constructor that was invoked by new .
An object exposing context-specific metadata to a JavaScript module.
The super keyword calls the parent constructor or allows accessing properties of the parent object.
The import() syntax allows loading a module asynchronously and dynamically into a potentially non-module environment.
Postfix/prefix increment and postfix/prefix decrement operators.
Postfix increment operator.
Postfix decrement operator.
Prefix increment operator.
Prefix decrement operator.
A unary operation is an operation with only one operand.
The delete operator deletes a property from an object.
The void operator evaluates an expression and discards its return value.
The typeof operator determines the type of a given object.
The unary plus operator converts its operand to Number type.
The unary negation operator converts its operand to Number type and then negates it.
Bitwise NOT operator.
Logical NOT operator.
Pause and resume an async function and wait for the promise's fulfillment/rejection.
Arithmetic operators take numerical values (either literals or variables) as their operands and return a single numerical value.
Exponentiation operator.
Multiplication operator.
Division operator.
Remainder operator.
Addition operator.
Subtraction operator.
A comparison operator compares its operands and returns a boolean value based on whether the comparison is true.
Less than operator.
Greater than operator.
Less than or equal operator.
Greater than or equal operator.
The instanceof operator determines whether an object is an instance of another object.
The in operator determines whether an object has a given property.
Note: => is not an operator, but the notation for Arrow functions .
The result of evaluating an equality operator is always of type boolean based on whether the comparison is true.
Equality operator.
Inequality operator.
Strict equality operator.
Strict inequality operator.
Operations to shift all bits of the operand.
Bitwise left shift operator.
Bitwise right shift operator.
Bitwise unsigned right shift operator.
Bitwise operators treat their operands as a set of 32 bits (zeros and ones) and return standard JavaScript numerical values.
Bitwise AND.
Bitwise OR.
Bitwise XOR.
Logical operators implement boolean (logical) values and have short-circuiting behavior.
Logical AND.
Logical OR.
Nullish Coalescing Operator.
The conditional operator returns one of two values based on the logical value of the condition.
An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.
Assignment operator.
Multiplication assignment.
Division assignment.
Remainder assignment.
Addition assignment.
Subtraction assignment
Left shift assignment.
Right shift assignment.
Unsigned right shift assignment.
Bitwise AND assignment.
Bitwise XOR assignment.
Bitwise OR assignment.
Exponentiation assignment.
Logical AND assignment.
Logical OR assignment.
Nullish coalescing assignment.
Destructuring assignment allows you to assign the properties of an array or object to variables using syntax that looks similar to array or object literals.
Pause and resume a generator function.
Delegate to another generator function or iterable object.
Spread syntax allows an iterable, such as an array or string, to be expanded in places where zero or more arguments (for function calls) or elements (for array literals) are expected. In an object literal, the spread syntax enumerates the properties of an object and adds the key-value pairs to the object being created.
The comma operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated in a single statement and returns the result of the last expression.
Specification |
---|
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Operators are special symbols that perform operations on variables and values. For example,
Here, + is an operator that adds two numbers: 5 and 6 .
Here's a list of different types of Python operators that we will learn in this tutorial.
Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc. For example,
Here, - is an arithmetic operator that subtracts two values or variables.
Operator | Operation | Example |
---|---|---|
Addition | ||
Subtraction | ||
Multiplication | ||
Division | ||
Floor Division | ||
Modulo | ||
Power |
In the above example, we have used multiple arithmetic operators,
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables. For example,
Here, = is an assignment operator that assigns 5 to x .
Here's a list of different assignment operators available in Python.
Operator | Name | Example |
---|---|---|
Assignment Operator | ||
Addition Assignment | ||
Subtraction Assignment | ||
Multiplication Assignment | ||
Division Assignment | ||
Remainder Assignment | ||
Exponent Assignment |
Here, we have used the += operator to assign the sum of a and b to a .
Similarly, we can use any other assignment operators as per our needs.
Comparison operators compare two values/variables and return a boolean result: True or False . For example,
Here, the > comparison operator is used to compare whether a is greater than b or not.
Operator | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
Is Equal To | gives us | |
Not Equal To | gives us | |
Greater Than | gives us | |
Less Than | gives us | |
Greater Than or Equal To | give us | |
Less Than or Equal To | gives us |
Note: Comparison operators are used in decision-making and loops . We'll discuss more of the comparison operator and decision-making in later tutorials.
Logical operators are used to check whether an expression is True or False . They are used in decision-making. For example,
Here, and is the logical operator AND . Since both a > 2 and b >= 6 are True , the result is True .
Operator | Example | Meaning |
---|---|---|
a b | : only if both the operands are | |
a b | : if at least one of the operands is | |
a | : if the operand is and vice-versa. |
Note : Here is the truth table for these logical operators.
Bitwise operators act on operands as if they were strings of binary digits. They operate bit by bit, hence the name.
For example, 2 is 10 in binary, and 7 is 111 .
In the table below: Let x = 10 ( 0000 1010 in binary) and y = 4 ( 0000 0100 in binary)
Operator | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
Bitwise AND | x & y = 0 ( ) | |
Bitwise OR | x | y = 14 ( ) | |
Bitwise NOT | ~x = -11 ( ) | |
Bitwise XOR | x ^ y = 14 ( ) | |
Bitwise right shift | x >> 2 = 2 ( ) | |
Bitwise left shift | x 0010 1000) |
Python language offers some special types of operators like the identity operator and the membership operator. They are described below with examples.
In Python, is and is not are used to check if two values are located at the same memory location.
It's important to note that having two variables with equal values doesn't necessarily mean they are identical.
Operator | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
if the operands are identical (refer to the same object) | ||
if the operands are not identical (do not refer to the same object) |
Here, we see that x1 and y1 are integers of the same values, so they are equal as well as identical. The same is the case with x2 and y2 (strings).
But x3 and y3 are lists. They are equal but not identical. It is because the interpreter locates them separately in memory, although they are equal.
In Python, in and not in are the membership operators. They are used to test whether a value or variable is found in a sequence ( string , list , tuple , set and dictionary ).
In a dictionary, we can only test for the presence of a key, not the value.
Operator | Meaning | Example |
---|---|---|
if value/variable is in the sequence | ||
if value/variable is in the sequence |
Here, 'H' is in message , but 'hello' is not present in message (remember, Python is case-sensitive).
Similarly, 1 is key, and 'a' is the value in dictionary dict1 . Hence, 'a' in y returns False .
Write a function to split the restaurant bill among friends.
Sorry about that.
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I want to be better about knowing when I should cast. What are the implicit type conversion rules in C++ when adding, multiplying, etc. For example,
et cetera...
Will the expression always be evaluated as the more precise type? Do the rules differ for Java? Please correct me if I have worded this question inaccurately.
In C++ operators (for POD types) always act on objects of the same type. Thus if they are not the same one will be promoted to match the other. The type of the result of the operation is the same as operands (after conversion).
Note. The minimum size of operations is int . So short / char are promoted to int before the operation is done.
In all your expressions the int is promoted to a float before the operation is performed. The result of the operation is a float .
Arithmetic operations involving float results in float .
For more detail answer. Look at what the section §5/9 from the C++ Standard says
Many binary operators that expect operands of arithmetic or enumeration type cause conversions and yield result types in a similar way. The purpose is to yield a common type, which is also the type of the result . This pattern is called the usual arithmetic conversions, which are defined as follows: — If either operand is of type long double, the other shall be converted to long double. — Otherwise, if either operand is double, the other shall be converted to double. — Otherwise, if either operand is float, the other shall be converted to float. — Otherwise, the integral promotions (4.5) shall be performed on both operands.54) — Then, if either operand is unsigned long the other shall be converted to unsigned long. — Otherwise, if one operand is a long int and the other unsigned int, then if a long int can represent all the values of an unsigned int, the unsigned int shall be converted to a long int; otherwise both operands shall be converted to unsigned long int. — Otherwise, if either operand is long, the other shall be converted to long. — Otherwise, if either operand is unsigned, the other shall be converted to unsigned. [Note: otherwise, the only remaining case is that both operands are int ]
Since the other answers don't talk about the rules in C++11 here's one. From C++11 standard (draft n3337) §5/9 (emphasized the difference):
This pattern is called the usual arithmetic conversions , which are defined as follows: — If either operand is of scoped enumeration type, no conversions are performed; if the other operand does not have the same type, the expression is ill-formed. — If either operand is of type long double, the other shall be converted to long double. — Otherwise, if either operand is double, the other shall be converted to double. — Otherwise, if either operand is float, the other shall be converted to float. — Otherwise, the integral promotions shall be performed on both operands. Then the following rules shall be applied to the promoted operands: — If both operands have the same type, no further conversion is needed. — Otherwise, if both operands have signed integer types or both have unsigned integer types, the operand with the type of lesser integer conversion rank shall be converted to the type of the operand with greater rank. — Otherwise, if the operand that has unsigned integer type has rank greater than or equal to the rank of the type of the other operand, the operand with signed integer type shall be converted to the type of the operand with unsigned integer type. — Otherwise, if the type of the operand with signed integer type can represent all of the values of the type of the operand with unsigned integer type, the operand with unsigned integer type shall be converted to the type of the operand with signed integer type. — Otherwise, both operands shall be converted to the unsigned integer type corresponding to the type of the operand with signed integer type.
See here for a list that's frequently updated.
This answer is directed in large part at a comment made by @RafałDowgird:
"The minimum size of operations is int." - This would be very strange (what about architectures that efficiently support char/short operations?) Is this really in the C++ spec?
Keep in mind that the C++ standard has the all-important "as-if" rule. See section 1.8: Program Execution:
3) This provision is sometimes called the "as-if" rule, because an implementation is free to disregard any requirement of the Standard as long as the result is as if the requirement had been obeyed, as far as can be determined from the observable behavior of the program.
The compiler cannot set an int to be 8 bits in size, even if it were the fastest, since the standard mandates a 16-bit minimum int .
Therefore, in the case of a theoretical computer with super-fast 8-bit operations, the implicit promotion to int for arithmetic could matter. However, for many operations, you cannot tell if the compiler actually did the operations in the precision of an int and then converted to a char to store in your variable, or if the operations were done in char all along.
For example, consider unsigned char = unsigned char + unsigned char + unsigned char , where addition would overflow (let's assume a value of 200 for each). If you promoted to int , you would get 600, which would then be implicitly down cast into an unsigned char , which would wrap modulo 256, thus giving a final result of 88. If you did no such promotions,you'd have to wrap between the first two additions, which would reduce the problem from 200 + 200 + 200 to 144 + 200 , which is 344, which reduces to 88. In other words, the program does not know the difference, so the compiler is free to ignore the mandate to perform intermediate operations in int if the operands have a lower ranking than int .
This is true in general of addition, subtraction, and multiplication. It is not true in general for division or modulus.
If you exclude the unsigned types, there is an ordered hierarchy: signed char, short, int, long, long long, float, double, long double. First, anything coming before int in the above will be converted to int. Then, in a binary operation, the lower ranked type will be converted to the higher, and the results will be the type of the higher. (You'll note that, from the hierarchy, anytime a floating point and an integral type are involved, the integral type will be converted to the floating point type.)
Unsigned complicates things a bit: it perturbs the ranking, and parts of the ranking become implementation defined. Because of this, it's best to not mix signed and unsigned in the same expression. (Most C++ experts seem to avoid unsigned unless bitwise operations are involved. That is, at least, what Stroustrup recommends.)
My solution to the problem got WA(wrong answer), then i changed one of int to long long int and it gave AC(accept) . Previously, I was trying to do long long int += int * int , and after I rectify it to long long int += long long int * int . Googling I came up with,
Conditions for Type Conversion:
Conditions Met ---> Conversion
Either operand is of type long double . ---> Other operand is converted to type long double .
Preceding condition not met and either operand is of type double . ---> Other operand is converted to type double .
Preceding conditions not met and either operand is of type float . ---> Other operand is converted to type float .
Preceding conditions not met (none of the operands are of floating types). ---> Integral promotions are performed on the operands as follows:
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Precedence and associativity of operators in python.
Assignment operators in python.
In Python programming, Operators in general are used to perform operations on values and variables. These are standard symbols used for logical and arithmetic operations. In this article, we will look into different types of Python operators.
Python Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication , and division .
In Python 3.x the result of division is a floating-point while in Python 2.x division of 2 integers was an integer. To obtain an integer result in Python 3.x floored (// integer) is used.
Operator | Description | Syntax |
---|---|---|
+ | Addition: adds two operands | x + y |
– | Subtraction: subtracts two operands | x – y |
* | Multiplication: multiplies two operands | x * y |
/ | Division (float): divides the first operand by the second | x / y |
// | Division (floor): divides the first operand by the second | x // y |
% | Modulus: returns the remainder when the first operand is divided by the second | x % y |
** | Power: Returns first raised to power second | x ** y |
Division operators.
In Python programming language Division Operators allow you to divide two numbers and return a quotient, i.e., the first number or number at the left is divided by the second number or number at the right and returns the quotient.
There are two types of division operators:
The quotient returned by this operator is always a float number, no matter if two numbers are integers. For example:
Example: The code performs division operations and prints the results. It demonstrates that both integer and floating-point divisions return accurate results. For example, ’10/2′ results in ‘5.0’ , and ‘-10/2’ results in ‘-5.0’ .
The quotient returned by this operator is dependent on the argument being passed. If any of the numbers is float, it returns output in float. It is also known as Floor division because, if any number is negative, then the output will be floored. For example:
Example: The code demonstrates integer (floor) division operations using the // in Python operators . It provides results as follows: ’10//3′ equals ‘3’ , ‘-5//2’ equals ‘-3’ , ‘ 5.0//2′ equals ‘2.0’ , and ‘-5.0//2’ equals ‘-3.0’ . Integer division returns the largest integer less than or equal to the division result.
The precedence of Arithmetic Operators in Python is as follows:
The modulus of Python operators helps us extract the last digit/s of a number. For example:
Here is an example showing how different Arithmetic Operators in Python work:
Example: The code performs basic arithmetic operations with the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ . It adds (‘+’) , subtracts (‘-‘) , multiplies (‘*’) , computes the remainder (‘%’) , and raises a to the power of ‘b (**)’ . The results of these operations are printed.
Note: Refer to Differences between / and // for some interesting facts about these two Python operators.
In Python Comparison of Relational operators compares the values. It either returns True or False according to the condition.
Operator | Description | Syntax |
---|---|---|
> | Greater than: True if the left operand is greater than the right | x > y |
< | Less than: True if the left operand is less than the right | x < y |
== | Equal to: True if both operands are equal | x == y |
!= | Not equal to – True if operands are not equal | x != y |
>= | Greater than or equal to True if the left operand is greater than or equal to the right | x >= y |
<= | Less than or equal to True if the left operand is less than or equal to the right | x <= y |
= is an assignment operator and == comparison operator.
In Python, the comparison operators have lower precedence than the arithmetic operators. All the operators within comparison operators have the same precedence order.
Let’s see an example of Comparison Operators in Python.
Example: The code compares the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ using various comparison Python operators and prints the results. It checks if ‘a’ is greater than, less than, equal to, not equal to, greater than, or equal to, and less than or equal to ‘b’ .
Python Logical operators perform Logical AND , Logical OR , and Logical NOT operations. It is used to combine conditional statements.
Operator | Description | Syntax |
---|---|---|
and | Logical AND: True if both the operands are true | x and y |
or | Logical OR: True if either of the operands is true | x or y |
not | Logical NOT: True if the operand is false | not x |
The precedence of Logical Operators in Python is as follows:
The following code shows how to implement Logical Operators in Python:
Example: The code performs logical operations with Boolean values. It checks if both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are true ( ‘and’ ), if at least one of them is true ( ‘or’ ), and negates the value of ‘a’ using ‘not’ . The results are printed accordingly.
Python Bitwise operators act on bits and perform bit-by-bit operations. These are used to operate on binary numbers.
Operator | Description | Syntax |
---|---|---|
& | Bitwise AND | x & y |
| | Bitwise OR | x | y |
~ | Bitwise NOT | ~x |
^ | Bitwise XOR | x ^ y |
>> | Bitwise right shift | x>> |
<< | Bitwise left shift | x<< |
The precedence of Bitwise Operators in Python is as follows:
Here is an example showing how Bitwise Operators in Python work:
Example: The code demonstrates various bitwise operations with the values of ‘a’ and ‘b’ . It performs bitwise AND (&) , OR (|) , NOT (~) , XOR (^) , right shift (>>) , and left shift (<<) operations and prints the results. These operations manipulate the binary representations of the numbers.
Python Assignment operators are used to assign values to the variables.
Operator | Description | Syntax |
---|---|---|
= | Assign the value of the right side of the expression to the left side operand | x = y + z |
+= | Add AND: Add right-side operand with left-side operand and then assign to left operand | a+=b a=a+b |
-= | Subtract AND: Subtract right operand from left operand and then assign to left operand | a-=b a=a-b |
*= | Multiply AND: Multiply right operand with left operand and then assign to left operand | a*=b a=a*b |
/= | Divide AND: Divide left operand with right operand and then assign to left operand | a/=b a=a/b |
%= | Modulus AND: Takes modulus using left and right operands and assign the result to left operand | a%=b a=a%b |
//= | Divide(floor) AND: Divide left operand with right operand and then assign the value(floor) to left operand | a//=b a=a//b |
**= | Exponent AND: Calculate exponent(raise power) value using operands and assign value to left operand | a**=b a=a**b |
&= | Performs Bitwise AND on operands and assign value to left operand | a&=b a=a&b |
|= | Performs Bitwise OR on operands and assign value to left operand | a|=b a=a|b |
^= | Performs Bitwise xOR on operands and assign value to left operand | a^=b a=a^b |
>>= | Performs Bitwise right shift on operands and assign value to left operand | a>>=b a=a>>b |
<<= | Performs Bitwise left shift on operands and assign value to left operand | a <<= b a= a << b |
Let’s see an example of Assignment Operators in Python.
Example: The code starts with ‘a’ and ‘b’ both having the value 10. It then performs a series of operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and a left shift operation on ‘b’ . The results of each operation are printed, showing the impact of these operations on the value of ‘b’ .
In Python, is and is not are the identity operators both are used to check if two values are located on the same part of the memory. Two variables that are equal do not imply that they are identical.
Let’s see an example of Identity Operators in Python.
Example: The code uses identity operators to compare variables in Python. It checks if ‘a’ is not the same object as ‘b’ (which is true because they have different values) and if ‘a’ is the same object as ‘c’ (which is true because ‘c’ was assigned the value of ‘a’ ).
In Python, in and not in are the membership operators that are used to test whether a value or variable is in a sequence.
The following code shows how to implement Membership Operators in Python:
Example: The code checks for the presence of values ‘x’ and ‘y’ in the list. It prints whether or not each value is present in the list. ‘x’ is not in the list, and ‘y’ is present, as indicated by the printed messages. The code uses the ‘in’ and ‘not in’ Python operators to perform these checks.
in Python, Ternary operators also known as conditional expressions are operators that evaluate something based on a condition being true or false. It was added to Python in version 2.5.
It simply allows testing a condition in a single line replacing the multiline if-else making the code compact.
Syntax : [on_true] if [expression] else [on_false]
The code assigns values to variables ‘a’ and ‘b’ (10 and 20, respectively). It then uses a conditional assignment to determine the smaller of the two values and assigns it to the variable ‘min’ . Finally, it prints the value of ‘min’ , which is 10 in this case.
In Python, Operator precedence and associativity determine the priorities of the operator.
This is used in an expression with more than one operator with different precedence to determine which operation to perform first.
Let’s see an example of how Operator Precedence in Python works:
Example: The code first calculates and prints the value of the expression 10 + 20 * 30 , which is 610. Then, it checks a condition based on the values of the ‘name’ and ‘age’ variables. Since the name is “ Alex” and the condition is satisfied using the or operator, it prints “Hello! Welcome.”
If an expression contains two or more operators with the same precedence then Operator Associativity is used to determine. It can either be Left to Right or from Right to Left.
The following code shows how Operator Associativity in Python works:
Example: The code showcases various mathematical operations. It calculates and prints the results of division and multiplication, addition and subtraction, subtraction within parentheses, and exponentiation. The code illustrates different mathematical calculations and their outcomes.
To try your knowledge of Python Operators, you can take out the quiz on Operators in Python .
Below are two Exercise Questions on Python Operators. We have covered arithmetic operators and comparison operators in these exercise questions. For more exercises on Python Operators visit the page mentioned below.
Q1. Code to implement basic arithmetic operations on integers
Q2. Code to implement Comparison operations on integers
Explore more Exercises: Practice Exercise on Operators in Python
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Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs . Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non ...
Assignment operators are used in programming to assign values to variables. We use an assignment operator to store and update data within a program. They enable programmers to store data in variables and manipulate that data. The most common assignment operator is the equals sign (=), which assigns the value on the right side of the operator to ...
Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand. C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C. +=. Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand. C += A is equivalent to C = C + A. -=. Subtract AND assignment operator.
sample1 = 0; sample2 = 0; specially if you are initializing to a non-zero value. Because, the multiple assignment translates to: sample2 = 0; sample1 = sample2; So instead of 2 initializations you do only one and one copy. The speed up (if any) will be tiny but in embedded case every tiny bit counts!
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An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition. In this tutorial, you will learn about different C operators such as arithmetic, increment, assignment, relational, logical, etc. with the help of examples.
Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. They come under the category of binary operators as they require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=".
Code language:C++(cpp) The = assignment operator is called a simple assignment operator. It assigns the value of the left operand to the right operand. Besides the simple assignment operator, C supports compound assignment operators. A compound assignment operator performs the operation specified by the additional operator and then assigns the ...
The assignment operators in C can both transform and assign values in a single operation. C provides the following assignment operators: | =. In assignment, the type of the right-hand value is converted to the type of the left-hand value, and the value is stored in the left operand after the assignment has taken place.
1. "=": This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y'; 2. "+=": This operator is combination of '+' and '=' operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and ...
C supports following Assignment operators: 1. Simple Assignment = Operator Example. This is one of the simplest assignment operator, it simply assigns the right side value to the left side operand. #include <stdio.h> int main () { int n; //integer variable char ch; //character variable float f; //float variable // Simple assignment operator to ...
C can assign values to variables and perform basic mathematical operations using shorthand operators: Assignment: = ... Multiplication then assignment: *= Division then assignment: /= Modulo then assignment: %= Comparing values in C. C can compare two values and/or variables against each other to return true or false. The operators are as follows:
The return value is an rvalue in C : the value of the left operand after assignment. in C++, the return value is an lvalue : the (now assigned) left operand itself. The multiplication-assignment operator behaves exactly like the assignment operator except that it performs an additional multiplication.
In C++, the addition assignment operator (+=) combines the addition operation with the variable assignment allowing you to increment the value of variable by a specified expression in a concise and efficient way. Syntax. variable += value; This above expression is equivalent to the expression: variable = variable + value; Example.
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In C++, Multiplication Assignment Operator is used to find the product of the value (right operand) and this variable (left operand) and assign the result back to this variable (left operand). The syntax to find the product of a value 2 with variable x and assign the result to x using Multiplication Assignment Operator is. x *= 2.
It works - the operator is scoped to the object to which it is declared. In the first case, the subtlety is that the functions are not member functions of MyClass, they are at global scope - and argument-dependent lookup will find them even if the first argument is a float.
In mathematics and computer programming, an operator is a character that represents a specific mathematical or logical action or process. For instance, "x" is an arithmetic operator that indicates multiplication, while "&&" is a logical operator representing the logical AND function in programming. Depending on its type, an operator manipulates ...
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Example 2: Assignment Operators # assign 10 to a a = 10 # assign 5 to b b = 5 # assign the sum of a and b to a a += b # a = a + b print(a) # Output: 15. Here, we have used the += operator to assign the sum of a and b to a. Similarly, we can use any other assignment operators as per our needs.
These both exhibit undefined behaviour in both C++03 and C++11. In C++11 terminology, you can't have two unsequenced modifications of the same scalar or a modification and a value computation using the same scalar, otherwise you have undefined behaviour. x = x * x++;
An rvalue of type float can be converted to an rvalue of type double. The value is unchanged. This conversion is called floating point promotion. Therefore, all conversions involving float - the result is float. Only the one involving both int - the result is int : int / int = int. answered Apr 6, 2011 at 7:53.
Assignment Operators in Python. Let's see an example of Assignment Operators in Python. Example: The code starts with 'a' and 'b' both having the value 10. It then performs a series of operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, and a left shift operation on 'b'.