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PLOS publishes a broad range of Open interdisciplinary precision agriculture research that is essential to the wider understanding, advancement and adoption of precision agriculture practices and technology.

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PLOS’ precision agriculture research explores and assesses the very latest agricultural technologies. Whether in controlled environments or directly in the field, our research highlights new methods and technologies for agricultural surveillance and intervention, such as sensors and chemical testing, or high-tech farm machinery and machine learning that measures, analyses, and improves crop yield, soil quality, and animal husbandry practices.

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Role of biotechnology in creating sustainable agriculture

Maize yield in smallholder agriculture system—An approach integrating socio-economic and crop management factors

Forecasting severe grape downy mildew attacks using machine learning

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A meta-analysis of the adoption of agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa

A multi-omics approach to solving problems in plant disease ecology

An embedded system for the automated generation of labeled plant images to enable machine learning applications in agriculture

Estimation of forage biomass and vegetation cover in grasslands using UAV imagery

Fruit classification using attention-based MobileNetV2 for industrial applications

Harnessing digital technology to improve agricultural productivity?

Pheno4D: A spatio-temporal dataset of maize and tomato plant point clouds for phenotyping and advanced plant analysis

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*Data source: Web of Science . © Copyright Clarivate 2023 | January 2004 – December 2023 ^Data source: Altmetric.com | January 2004 – December 2023

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Machine Learning Applications for Precision Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review

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Advancing precision and efficiency in ion chromatography with automated inline dilution

May 6, 2024

This article is Part 3 of a series.

Laboratory technicians often struggle to balance the high accuracy their analytical work requires with their full workload and limited resources. To obtain accurate and reliable results, two fundamental procedures are frequently required that afford utmost precision: calibration of the analytical system and dilution of highly concentrated samples. When using ion chromatography, fully automated solutions exist to reduce this manual lab work and facilitate efficiency. Sample preparation steps such as dilution can be performed automatically with the Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique.

Introduction

Quantification in ion chromatography (IC) requires a calibration that covers the defined measuring range [ 1,2 ]. The necessary calibration standards of different concentrations are usually prepared from a concentrated standard by manual dilution. Sample dilution is also crucial in ion chromatography to protect the separation column and detector, mitigate matrix effects, and primarily to ensure that the measured concentration falls within the calibrated range. These processes are time-consuming and pose a high risk of human error and contamination. Metrohm’s fully automated intelligent inline solution for dilution and calibration overcomes these challenges ( Table 1 ).

The Metrohm 800 Dosino is the key to maintaining the required accuracy and precision in this fully automated process. It is a precise and highly flexible dosing device. With the MagIC Net IC software, all the liquid handling and dosing tasks are controlled and entirely automated – with no need for manual intervention. 

The Metrohm 800 Dosino is the key to maintaining the required accuracy and precision in this fully automated process. It is a precise and highly flexible dosing device. With the MagIC Net IC software, all the liquid handling and dosing tasks are controlled and entirely automated – with no need for manual intervention. 

This blog post explores the fully automated Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique (MIDT) which makes analyzing various analytes (from g/L to µg/L range) less time consuming while keeping accuracy and precision high. MIDT involves automatic calibration and the implementation of dilution and logical features that extend the measuring range and improve accuracy and reproducibility of the results. The shorter preparation time reduces the workload and also saves costs.

Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique (MIDT)

One of the oldest sample preparation techniques is dilution. Dilution of samples is often necessary not only to protect the column and improve the separation of analytes, but also to guarantee that the working range of the IC method is not exceeded. Instead of multiple manual steps, this procedure can be carried out inline using an automated system as shown in Animation 1 .  

One of the oldest sample preparation techniques is dilution. Dilution of samples is often necessary not only to protect the column and improve the separation of analytes, but also to guarantee that the working range of the IC method is not exceeded. Instead of multiple manual steps, this procedure can be carried out inline using an automated system as shown in Animation 1 .  

Animation 1: How does Metrohm Inline Dilution work? \r\nThe only manual steps required are placing samples in the autosampler rack and entering the dilution information (dilution factor) into the sample table. The entire dilution procedure is done automatically. The Dosino transfers the exact amount of sample necessary for the dilution step into a buffer loop, which is then filled and fed with ultrapure water or another diluent agent. The measured amount of sample plus the respective amount of ultrapure water or diluent is then transferred to the dilution vessel of the Liquid Handling Station mounted onto the autosampler ( Figure 1 ). Thorough mixing is guaranteed by a stirrer. Finally, the diluted and well-mixed sample is transferred to the injection valve of the ion chromatograph using the peristaltic pump. Parallel to the analysis, the needle is cleaned in the rinsing unit of the Liquid Handling Station ( Figure 1 ) and the dilution vessel is entirely rinsed to minimize carryover and ensure cleanliness. Undiluted samples can also be analyzed with the same setup. 

Animation 1: how does metrohm inline dilution work the only manual steps required are placing samples in the autosampler rack and entering the dilution information (dilution factor) into the sample table. the entire dilution procedure is done automatically. the dosino transfers the exact amount of sample necessary for the dilution step into a buffer loop, which is then filled and fed with ultrapure water or another diluent agent. the measured amount of sample plus the respective amount of ultrapure water or diluent is then transferred to the dilution vessel of the liquid handling station mounted onto the autosampler ( figure 1 ). thorough mixing is guaranteed by a stirrer. finally, the diluted and well-mixed sample is transferred to the injection valve of the ion chromatograph using the peristaltic pump. parallel to the analysis, the needle is cleaned in the rinsing unit of the liquid handling station ( figure 1 ) and the dilution vessel is entirely rinsed to minimize carryover and ensure cleanliness. undiluted samples can also be analyzed with the same setup. .

The dilution factor can be freely chosen within a range of undiluted measurement to 1:100, or up to 1:2000 with the necessary additional equipment (e.g., coated steel needle for sample uptake). The dilution factor is simply added in the sample table ( Figure 2 ).

Logical Inline Dilution

A further development of MIDT is «Logical Inline Dilution». In this case, the system automatically determines the ideal dilution factor based on the calibrated range and proceeds to analyze the sample ( Figure 3 ). Even if different dilution factors are necessary for different analytes, the system will carry out the necessary steps fully automatically. This ensures highly dependable results, as they always fall within the calibration range [ 3 ]. 

A further development of MIDT is «Logical Inline Dilution». In this case, the system automatically determines the ideal dilution factor based on the calibrated range and proceeds to analyze the sample ( Figure 3 ). Even if different dilution factors are necessary for different analytes, the system will carry out the necessary steps fully automatically. This ensures highly dependable results, as they always fall within the calibration range [ 3 ]. 

Automatic calibration

Of course, it is not only samples but also standards that can be diluted in this way. Consequently, Metrohm offers the possibility of automatic calibration, i.e., a single multi-ion standard is all that is needed. The system dilutes this highly concentrated standard with different dilution factors and carries out a multi-point calibration as shown in Figure 4 [ 2,4 ].

The superior quality of the automatic calibration procedure is shown by high correlation coefficients (0.9999) and recoveries for multiple injections between 98% and 101% ( Table 2 ) [ 2,4 ].

MIDT fields of application

There are multiple application fields ideal for using Metrohm Inline Dilution. These include drinking and tap water analysis as well as more complex matrices like hemodialysis solutions or food and beverage samples. Learn from our IC application expert about the ultimate solution to increase efficiency and enable maximum protection of the IC system and the IC columns, especially regarding more complex sample matrices. 

Ask the expert – IC: Can I combine inline dialysis or inline ultrafiltration with inline dilution?

There are multiple application fields ideal for using Metrohm Inline Dilution. These include drinking and tap water analysis as well as more complex matrices like hemodialysis solutions or food and beverage samples. Learn from our IC application expert about the ultimate solution to increase efficiency and enable maximum protection of the IC system and the IC columns, especially regarding more complex sample matrices. 

In short, MIDT will offer the following advantages for your analysis:

Automated dilution process with intelligence

MIDT automates the dilution of samples and standards, ensuring that results consistently fall within the desired calibration range. Logical features as well as nested sample handling can further improve the efficiency. This automation minimizes human error and enhances reproducibility – and is all done by the MagIC Net software.

Adaptability

The Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique is highly adaptable to every Metrohm ion chromatography system with a 858 Professional Sample Processor by simply adding an accessory kit for Inline Dilution . Combination of MIDT with Inline Ultrafiltration or Inline Dialysis can further improve efficiency and protect the IC system. 

The Metrohm Inline Dilution Technique is highly adaptable to every Metrohm ion chromatography system with a 858 Professional Sample Processor by simply adding an accessory kit for Inline Dilution . Combination of MIDT with Inline Ultrafiltration or Inline Dialysis can further improve efficiency and protect the IC system. 

Flexibility

MIDT is capable of handling various sample types and concentrations, and can manage diluted as well as undiluted samples. While the standard setup can perform dilutions in a range of 1:1 to 1:100, this range can be extended very easily to 1:2000 with additional parts.

Traceability and results automation

Sample concentrations are automatically calculated. Every single methodological step is traceable and can be summarized by MagIC Net in a user-defined report in the same way as the results.

Time and cost efficiency

MIDT significantly reduces preparation time and associated costs by reducing manual intervention, making this technique ideal for high-throughput environments. 

MIDT significantly reduces preparation time and associated costs by reducing manual intervention, making this technique ideal for high-throughput environments. 

[ 1 ] Weiss, J.; Shpigun, O. Handbook of Ion Chromatography , 4th ed.; Wiley-VCH: Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2016; Vol. 3.

[ 2 ] Seubert, A.; Frenzel, W.; Schäfer, H.; Bogenschütz, G.; Läubli, M. Monograph: Sample Preparation Techniques for Ion Chromatography , 2nd ed.; Metrohm AG: Herisau, Switzerland, 2021.

[ 3 ] Metrohm AG. Metrohm Inline Sample Preparation ; Metrohm AG: Herisau, Switzerland, 2014.

[ 4 ] Hartmann, T.; Czyborra, S. Straightforward Multi-Point Calibration Using a Single Standard.

Your knowledge take-aways

Technical Poster: Straightforward multipoint calibration using a single standard

Technical Poster: Automated logical dilution for ion chromatographic determinations

Blog post: Boost your environmental analysis with Metrohm automated ion chromatography

Application Note: Quality test of an automatic and direct 1:2000 dilution applying Inline Dilution Technique

Application Note: Combination of Inline Dilution with subsequent Inline Ultrafiltration and automatic calibration

On-demand webinar: Automatic calibration in ion chromatography

On-demand webinar: Improving your analytics for beverage analysis

Dr. Elke Süss

"ProfIC Vario 4 AnCat" – Professional IC Vario system with Inline Dilution

Profic vario 4 ancat.

The Professional IC Vario system with Metrohm's intelligent Inline Dilution, sequential suppression, and conductivity detection enables fully automatic determination of anions and cations in concentrated solutions.Typical areas of application:Samples with high ion concentration; Samples from all industries;  Schematic representationInstallation instructions

"ProfIC Vario 6 AnCat" – Professional IC Vario system with Inline Dilution and Inline Ultrafiltration

Profic vario 6 ancat.

The Professional IC Vario system with Metrohm Inline Dilution, Metrohm Inline Ultrafiltration, sequential suppression, and conductivity detection enables fully automatic determination of anions and cations that are present in very high concentrations and that have matrices containing particles.Typical areas of application:Rinse, process, and waste water; Extractions and digestion solutions; Food samples;  Schematic representationInstallation instructions

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Some results uranium dioxide powder structure investigation

• Processes of Obtaining and Properties of Powders
• Published: 28 June 2009
• Volume 50 , pages 281–285, ( 2009 )

Cite this article

• E. I. Andreev 1 ,
• K. V. Glavin 2 ,
• A. V. Ivanov 3 ,
• V. V. Malovik 3 ,
• V. V. Martynov 3 &
• V. S. Panov 2  

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Features of the macrostructure and microstructure of uranium dioxide powders are considered. Assumptions are made on the mechanisms of the behavior of powders of various natures during pelletizing. Experimental data that reflect the effect of these powders on the quality of fuel pellets, which is evaluated by modern procedures, are presented. To investigate the structure of the powders, modern methods of electron microscopy, helium pycnometry, etc., are used. The presented results indicate the disadvantages of wet methods for obtaining the starting UO 2 powders by the ammonium diuranate (ADU) flow sheet because strong agglomerates and conglomerates, which complicate the process of pelletizing, are formed. The main directions of investigation that can lead to understanding the regularities of formation of the structure of starting UO 2 powders, which will allow one to control the process of their fabrication and stabilize the properties of powders and pellets, are emphasized.

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Investigation of the Properties of Uranium-Molybdenum Pellet Fuel for VVER

Investigation of the Influence of the Energy of Thermal Plasma on the Morphology and Phase Composition of Aluminosilicate Microspheres

Evaluation of the possibility of fabricating uranium-molybdenum fuel for vver by powder metallurgy methods.

Patlazhan, S.A., Poristost’ i mikrostruktura sluchainykh upakovok tverdykh sharov raznykh razmerov (Porosity and Microstructure of Chaotic Packings of Solid Spheres of Different Sizes), Chernogolovka: IKhF RAN, 1993.

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Assmann, H., Dörr, W., and Peehs, M., “Control of HO 2 Microstructure by Oxidative Sintering,” J. Nucl. Mater. , 1986, vol. 140,issue 1, pp. 1–6.

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Original Russian Text © E.I. Andreev, K.V. Glavin, A.V. Ivanov, V.V. Malovik, V.V. Martynov, V.S. Panov, 2009, published in Izvestiya VUZ. Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya i Funktsional’nye Pokrytiya, 2008, No. 4, pp. 19–24.

About this article

Andreev, E.I., Glavin, K.V., Ivanov, A.V. et al. Some results uranium dioxide powder structure investigation. Russ. J. Non-ferrous Metals 50 , 281–285 (2009). https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821209030183

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Published : 28 June 2009

Issue Date : June 2009

DOI : https://doi.org/10.3103/S1067821209030183

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• nuclear fuel
• uranium dioxide
• uranium protoxide-oxide
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• agglomerate
• conglomerate
• surface morphology
• ADU-ammonium diuranate
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