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Air pollution: A case study on the impact of COVID-19 on Delhi city

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Umang Khandelwal , Mayur Shirish Jain , Kunwar Raghavendra Singh; Air pollution: A case study on the impact of COVID-19 on Delhi city. AIP Conf. Proc. 27 July 2023; 2721 (1): 040033. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0153967

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India is the second most populated country globally and requires massive urban infrastructure. As a result of this rapid growth, air quality in cities has deteriorated. A World Health Organization survey found that 147 males and 136 females per 100,000 persons in India are died by air pollution. In recent times, Delhi, the capital city of India, experienced the worst condition of air pollution. Therefore, different air pollutants were assessed for Delhi city using the Central Pollution Control Boards report in this study. The study indicated that a city’s air quality has considerably beyond the safety limitations of the Central Pollution Control Board. From the study, it is clear that the various activities in the city are causing air pollution, but neighboring towns are equally responsible for it. Countries suffered enormous economic losses due to the COVID-19 shutdown, but air quality improved. Pollution levels fell by half during the shutdown. The Delhi government established an odd/even system and educated the people on the benefits of carpooling to curb air pollution. Recently, smog towers were installed to clear a larger volume of polluted air and supply fresh air to the surrounding community. The study recommends that reducing pollution is not just a government duty, but the general public still plays an important role.

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Indian Habitat Center, New Delhi

The I ndian Habitat Centre : A short introduction

The India Habitat Centre, located in New Delhi, was conceived to be a catalyst relationship between individuals and institutions (e.g. NGO’s) working in habitat related areas to increase their effectiveness. Sharing a common concern for habitat, various organisations have come together to participate in institution-building, evolving a synergy within the India Habitat Centre complex. Some of the organisations involved in this endeavour include the International Labour Organization (I.L.O),  the National Institute of Design, and the Council of Architecture among others. complex was designed under the supervision of architect, Joseph Allen Stein .

May 27, 2009 at 9:33 pm

fair documentation fair documentation

June 4, 2009 at 9:10 am

Good work… Could have been Good work…

Could have been more interesting…

April 27, 2011 at 1:20 am

hey, nice documentation. hey, nice documentation. needed this badly. thank you very much.

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India International Centre or IIC by Joseph Allen Stein: A structure of three

The non-official organisation located in the capital of the country, India International Centre serves as a platform for scholars to put forth varied schools of thought for the collective betterment of society. As the organisation itself is a non-official one, these cultural and intellectual exchanges are not affiliated with any specific political or governmental agenda. The campus consists of three main divisions, the Programmes Division, the Library and the Publications Division.

The India International Centre was designed in the early 1960s by American architect Joseph Allen Stein. Designed by the same architect, the main complex is accompanied by similar institutional buildings surrounding it. This gave the complex recognition by the architects’ name and is unofficially also known as ‘Steinabad’. 

IIC not only serves as the cultural centre but also holds political importance in terms of the post-independence era. Along with many other architects , called in from around the world to work for the new post-independence language of the country, Joseph Stein was commissioned by the IIC with a design aim to make a bold strong statement for itself. In the United States, the architect was well known for his projects adopting the Modern California style. The style developed by Charles and Ray Eames was widely used for residential projects throughout the country for a substantial period of time, from the 1930s-1960s. It was defined with its modernist features such as indoor-outdoor living, open plans and rectilinear massing. Along with a blend of local material, these design elements were reflected in IIC Delhi. Being a public building, the open planning concept worked out as one of the most efficient ways of designing internal spaces. Whereas major rectilinear massing, with a few geometrical alterations, was the ideal response to the site, creating statement facades along with open pockets acting as foreground and gathering spaces.  

The 4.6 acres campus has three main functional streams within, namely, the intellectual, social, and cultural. Accessible through the Max Mueller Marg, the adjacent open green space, Lodhi garden, acts as a fair foreground to enhance the institutional character of the complex. The public open space is a tourist attraction, consisting of a series of tombs. Respecting the context of the historical monuments in the immediate surroundings, the use of the vernacular material palette is prominently seen. 

The architectural language was derived as a response to the nature of the events and the environment it has to cater to. Considering the climatic aspects, many traditional Indian design elements were incorporated in the planning. A Series of semi-open spaces with light landscaping , forming the spill-overs, is seen complementing the main activity. Rather than going for the conventional brick construction, the architect altered the patterns, making jaali walls the feature element, for the centre

The triangular site consists of a total of six major typologies of massing, marking edge to a semi-covered open space in-between. The programme block stands as the image of the campus and with its longitudinal volume designed for library and conference room opening out in inward-looking courts. 

Attached to the main block, the auditorium showcases a solid geometry with small scale spill-over spaces. It takes the position of displaying the first view of the complex when entered through one of the main road entry points. A similar hall/ gathering space is designed at the second main entrance of the campus, Kamaladevicomplex. 

The space has a list of activities to offer, making it a ground+2 structure along with a basement. Management offices, seminar halls, multipurpose halls and art galleries are included in this block. 

The other end of the library block merged into the landscape and is attached to a self-service lounge. The catering and dining areas act as a connection as well as a buffer in-between the public and semi-private spaces. Similar to the auditorium , solid geometry is seen for the same. Built-in close connection to an artificially designed water body, the mass creates an illusion of floating over it. With openness in the façade of it, the visual connection is well maintained. 

The linear hostel blocks have a total of 46 guest rooms and an attached dining facility. Each of the rooms has a view of the main landscaped area of the complex. The linear block is complemented with a centrally located tower enclosing the vertical circulation, reception, and bar area. The internal passage areas are enclosed with two exterior layers, considering the climate, consisting of the glass and jali wall on the external face. Landscape connecting the entire campus also followed a subtle language respecting the adjacent open space character. 

In totality, the campus of India International Centre did make a statement for itself as a need of the design brief without compromising the humane aspect of it. The cultural and intellectual sharing platform to date holds the same power position in today’s architectural context, marking its existence as a masterpiece.

Sanjana is a young architect with keen interest in place making and urban theories. It's the stories of the spaces and it's expressions, which got her exploring the field of journalism.

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National War Memorial, New Delhi India / WeBe Design Lab

• Curated by Hana Abdel
• Architects: WeBe Design Lab
• Area Area of this architecture project Area:  109265 m²
• Year Completion year of this architecture project Year:  2019
• Photographs Photographs: Maniyarasan , Madhumitha
• Manufacturers Brands with products used in this architecture project Manufacturers:   AutoDesk , Lumion , iGuzzini , Adobe , HEINRICH , Havells , JK Cement , Jakson , Jaquar , Ligman , Linea Light Group , Neptune , Oikos Group , Penetron , Rhino , Trimble
• Architect In Charge:  Yogesh Chandrahasan
• Design Team:  Yogesh Chandrahasan, Satish Vasanth Kumar, Udhayarajan, Malli Saravanan, Visuwanathan,, Ranganathan Ravi, Anjana Sudhakar, Kamal Rajkumar, ViJay Prakash, Balachandar Baskaran, Abhishek Tiwari
• Clients:  Executive agency of National War Memorial, Museum Ministry of Defence, Government of India
• Planting Design:  Savita Punde, Design cell, Gurgaon
• Project Management:  Turner project Management India, Private, Limited
• Structural Consultant:  Roark Consulting Engineers
• Mep Consultants:  Edifice – Delhi, ATE
• Lighitng:  AWA lighting Designers
• Fountain:  Ripples, Mr. Premkumar
• Signages:  Ishan Khosla Design
• Artist:  Lt.Col Arul Raj
• Construction:  NCC Limited
• Bronze Murals:  Ram Vanji Suta
• City:  New Delhi
• Country:  India

Text description provided by the architects. The concept of rebirth is inspired from the quote of Captain Vikram Batra.  

Either I will come back after hoisting the Tricolor,  or I will come back wrapped in it,  but I will be back for sure.  REBIRTH –  पुनर्जन्म (in Hindi)  ‘Reborn to be an immortal’.

Great sense of pride and victory at the cost of their life! The memorial is a gestation on the idea of rebirth of those unsung heroes through their stories, journey and struggles translated as spatial expressions. A culmination to the historical Rajpath extending through the India Gate, the National War Memorial is an open landscaped public space spread over 42 acres in the C -hexagon. Mostly invisible but strongly present, it is a semi-subterranean design remaining a peoples’ place but with a different dimension of emotional weight. Progressive act of protection, sacrifice, bravery and becoming the immortal translate as a concentric arrangement of which the ‘Thyag Chakra’ holds the name of each fallen soldier who become another brick in the nation’s defensive wall.

THE VOID . . .  Six decades to come into existence: The request for the National War Memorial (NWM), India was placed by the armed forces in 1960. However, the consideration acquired momentum in 2015 and the construction was approved within the National capital's heritage zone of the British Imperial Times. Later, an International two stage competition was held for the design and implementation of the NWM by the Ministry of Defense, Government of India. WEBE Design Lab won both the first and the third place. The winning entry headed by Ar Yogesh Chandrahasan was commissioned for construction. India’s NWM was finally inaugurated on 25 th Feb 2019 by Honorable Prime Minister Narendra Modi.

CONTEXT AND DESIGN APPROACH -  The Iconic India Gate, brims with an average footfall of 50,000 ppl/day. Inset within the bustling C Hexagon the lawns were retained to be active public spaces to play, meet, relax and more. This Capitol complex has a central axis, the Rajpath- The ceremonial path from the President’s home, that runs across and ends at the India Gate. The newly built NWM retains the axis and bestows the essence of hierarchical importance upon the overall footprint. A cross-connection at the core of the New Memorial: The Yudhpath– is a metaphorical placement of the Rajpath (Path of life) with the Yudhpath ( Path of war).

Circle of Sacrifice ( Tyag Chakra ): Inspired by the historic “Chakravyuha” Ancient war formation, the Tyag Chakra is arranged in concentric circles in accordance with the wars, gloriously housing the names of 25,700 war heroes, who sacrificed their life post-independence for the Nation. It is a concrete structure, with self-interlocking granite blocks placed over it. Each block represents a Martyr, and is engraved with his name, rank and number.

ESTABLISHING SYMBOL AND MEMORY -  Circle of Protection The tree arrangement personifies the territorial line of control- The soldiers who are still there trying to safe guard us in places unseen. The circle containing 690 trees also helps in screening the busy roads of the C Hexagon thereby creating a calmer and protected space inside the memorial.

Circle of Bravery ( Veer Chakra ) A semi open corridor and gallery holding the brave stories of significant historic battles in Indian history of the Army, Navy and Air force.

Circle of Immortality ( Amar Chakra) The obelisk carrying the eternal flame symbolizes the immortality of the Jawans that they will never be dead and they will always live in our memory. It is set in a larger circular court which also is the ceremonial space.

Lighting: The lighting in the central court around the eternal flame spearheads sideways and up building a sense of eternity as it fades out. The Thyag chakra seems floating with a series of small lights which resembles the oil lamps that are light in memory of the beloved ones in any Indian home. The streaks of light on the steps create a sense of transition through the concentric setup. The project does not have any ambient light. As much as the light brought in emphasis and character, the darkness made the required experience deeper and absorbing.

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Address: rajpath, india gate, new delhi, delhi 110001, india.

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Governor Newsom Unveils Revised State Budget, Prioritizing Balanced Solutions for a Leaner, More Efficient Government

Published: May 10, 2024

The Budget Proposal — Covering Two Years — Cuts Spending, Makes Government Leaner, and Preserves Core Services Without New Taxes on Hardworking Californians

Watch Governor Newsom’s May Revise presentation here

WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW:  The Governor’s revised budget proposal closes both this year’s remaining $27.6 billion budget shortfall and next year’s projected $28.4 billion deficit while preserving many key services that Californians rely on — including education, housing, health care, and food assistance.

SACRAMENTO – Governor Gavin Newsom today released a May Revision proposal for the 2024-25 fiscal year that ensures the budget is balanced over the next two fiscal years by tightening the state’s belt and stabilizing spending following the tumultuous COVID-19 pandemic, all while preserving key ongoing investments.

Under the Governor’s proposal, the state is projected to achieve a positive operating reserve balance not only in this budget year but also in the next. This “budget year, plus one” proposal is designed to bring longer-term stability to state finances without delay and create an operating surplus in the 2025-26 budget year.

In the years leading up to this May Revision, the Newsom Administration recognized the threats of an uncertain stock market and federal tax deadline delays – setting aside $38 billion in reserves that could be utilized for shortfalls. That has put California in a strong position to maintain fiscal stability.

“Even when revenues were booming, we were preparing for possible downturns by investing in reserves and paying down debts – that’s put us in a position to close budget gaps while protecting core services that Californians depend on. Without raising taxes on Californians, we’re delivering a balanced budget over two years that continues the progress we’ve fought so hard to achieve, from getting folks off the streets to addressing the climate crisis to keeping our communities safe.” – Governor Gavin Newsom

Below are the key takeaways from Governor Newsom’s proposed budget:

A BALANCED BUDGET OVER TWO YEARS.  The Governor is solving two years of budget problems in a single budget, tightening the state’s belt to get the budget back to normal after the tumultuous years of the COVID-19 pandemic. By addressing the shortfall for this budget year — and next year — the Governor is eliminating the 2024-25 deficit and eliminating a projected deficit for the 2025-26 budget year that is $27.6 billion (after taking an early budget action) and $28.4 billion respectively.

CUTTING SPENDING, MAKING GOVERNMENT LEANER.  Governor Newsom’s revised balanced state budget cuts one-time spending by $19.1 billion and ongoing spending by $13.7 billion through 2025-26. This includes a nearly 8% cut to state operations and a targeted elimination of 10,000 unfilled state positions, improving government efficiency and reducing non-essential spending — without raising taxes on individuals or proposing state worker furloughs. The budget makes California government more efficient, leaner, and modern — saving costs by streamlining procurement, cutting bureaucratic red tape, and reducing redundancies.

PRESERVING CORE SERVICES & SAFETY NETS.  The budget maintains service levels for key housing, food, health care, and other assistance programs that Californians rely on while addressing the deficit by pausing the expansion of certain programs and decreasing numerous recent one-time and ongoing investments.

NO NEW TAXES & MORE RAINY DAY SAVINGS.  Governor Newsom is balancing the budget by getting state spending under control — cutting costs, not proposing new taxes on hardworking Californians and small businesses — and reducing the reliance on the state’s “Rainy Day” reserves this year.

HOW WE GOT HERE:  California’s budget shortfall is rooted in two separate but related developments over the past two years.

• First, the state’s revenue, heavily reliant on personal income taxes including capital gains, surged in 2021 due to a robust stock market but plummeted in 2022 following a market downturn. While the market bounced back by late 2023, the state continued to collect less tax revenue than projected in part due to something called “capital loss carryover,” which allows losses from previous years to reduce how much an individual is taxed.
• Second, the IRS extended the tax filing deadline for most California taxpayers in 2023 following severe winter storms, delaying the revelation of reduced tax receipts. When these receipts were able to eventually be processed, they were 22% below expectations. Without the filing delay, the revenue drop would have been incorporated into last year’s budget and the shortfall this year would be significantly smaller.

CALIFORNIA’S ECONOMY REMAINS STRONG:  The Governor’s revised balanced budget sets the state up for continued economic success. California’s economy remains the 5th largest economy in the world and for the first time in years, the state’s population is increasing and tourism spending recently experienced a record high. California is #1 in the nation for new business starts , #1 for access to venture capital funding , and the #1 state for manufacturing , high-tech , and agriculture .

Additional details on the May Revise proposal can be found in this fact sheet and at www.ebudget.ca.gov .